Russell v Douvan - future harm required

 

 

Filed 9/30/03 

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION 

 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION THREE 

 

LANCE RUSSELL, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

v. 

THOMAS DOUVAN, 

 Defendant and Appellant. 

 

 

 

      A096261 

 

      (San Francisco County 

      Super. Ct. No. SCV322281) 

 

 

 Here we reaffirm the longstanding principle that a prohibitory injunction may not 

issue unless the court finds there is a threat of future harm. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

 Thomas Douvan and Lance Russell are attorneys who represented opposite sides 

in a dispute.  Russell claimed that after a court appearance Douvan followed him into an 

elevator and forcefully grabbed his arm.  Russell filed a petition for an injunction 

prohibiting harassment under Code of Civil Procedure section 527.6.1  Following an 

evidentiary hearing, the court concluded that Douvan committed a battery and issued an 

injunction.  Russell did not attribute any other violent act or threat to Douvan.  At the 

time of the hearing, Russell no longer represented a party in the underlying action.  

Russell and Douvan advised the court that they do not “regularly do business with [each 

other] or oppos[e] each other.”  The court stated:  “[T]he legislature has given a quite 

clear message that if there’s a battery or an assault committed and that’s demonstrated by 

clear and convincing evidence, and that’s it, that I am supposed to issue an injunction.”  

                                              

1  All statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure, unless stated otherwise. 

 

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Douvan challenges the order because the court issued the injunction without first finding 

a threat of future harm.  We reverse. 

DISCUSSION 

 The court misinterpreted section 527.6 in concluding an injunction must issue 

based on a single incident of battery without finding a threat of future harm.  Section 

527.6 provides injunctive relief to a person who has suffered harassment.  Harassment is 

defined in part as “unlawful violence, a credible threat of violence, or a knowing and 

willful course of conduct directed at a specific person that seriously alarms, annoys, or 

harasses the person, and that serves no legitimate purpose.”  (§ 527.6, subd. (b).)  

Unlawful conduct is further defined to include “any assault or battery, or stalking as 

prohibited in Section 646.9 of the Penal Code, but shall not include lawful acts of self- 

defense or defense of others.”  (§ 527.6, subd. (b)(1).)  “If the judge finds by clear and 

convincing evidence that unlawful harassment exists, an injunction shall issue prohibiting 

the harassment.  An injunction issued pursuant to this section shall have a duration of not 

more than three years.”  (§ 527.6, subd. (d).)  “ ‘Clear and convincing’ evidence requires 

a finding of high probability.”  (In re Angelia P. (1981) 28 Cal.3d 908, 919.)   

 A prohibitory injunction is “a writ or order requiring a person to refrain from a 

particular act.”  (§ 525.)  Characterized as “preventative relief,” a prohibitory injunction 

necessarily addresses future conduct.  (Civ. Code, § 3420.)  This notion was discussed by 

the court in Scripps Health v. Marin (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 324 (Scripps Health):  

“Preliminarily, the express codified purpose of a prohibitory injunction is to prevent 

future harm to the applicant by ordering the defendant to refrain from doing a particular 

act.  [Citations.]  Consequently, injunctive relief lies only to prevent threatened injury 

and has no application to wrongs that have been completed.  [Citation.]  It should neither 

serve as punishment for past acts, nor be exercised in the absence of any evidence 

establishing the reasonable probability the acts will be repeated in the future.  Indeed, a 

change in circumstances at the time of the hearing, rendering injunctive relief moot or 

unnecessary, justifies denial of the request.  [Citations.]  Moreover, not only can 

injunctive relief be denied where the defendant has voluntarily discontinued the wrongful 

 

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conduct [citation], there exists no equitable reason for ordering it where the defendant has 

in good faith discontinued the proscribed conduct [citation].  ‘Thus, to authorize the 

issuance of an injunction, it must appear with reasonable certainty that the wrongful acts 

will be continued or repeated.’  [Citation.]”  (Id. at pp. 332-333, italics added.) 

 Scripps Health concerned section 527.8, the availability of injunctive relief based 

on a threat of violence towards employees in the workplace.  “At the time section 527.8 

was enacted, section 527.6 prevented harassment when there has been a knowing and 

willful course of conduct directed at a specific person which annoys or harasses the 

person and serves no legitimate purpose.  The reasonable construction of this harassment 

provision required the applicant to establish a course of conduct giving rise to a threat of 

future harm necessitating injunctive relief.  In other words, the course of conduct must be 

ongoing at the time the injunction is sought, as a single incident of harassment does not 

constitute a course of conduct entitling the applicant to injunctive relief.  [Citation.]”  

(Scripps Health, supra, 72 Cal.App.4th at p. 333, italics added, fn. omitted.) 

 Section 527.6 was amended in 1998 to parallel the provisions of section 527.8 by 

adding “unlawful violence” and the “credible threat of violence” to the definition of 

harassment along with the “course of conduct” language discussed by the Scripps Health 

court.  (Scripps Health, supra, 72 Cal.App.4th at p. 333, fn. 7; Stats. 1998, ch. 581, § 2, 

pp. 3158-3160.) 

 Subdivision (d) of section 526.7 addresses the requirements for obtaining a 

permanent injunction.  The subdivision provides in part: “If the judge finds by clear and 

convincing evidence that unlawful harassment exists, an injunction shall issue prohibiting 

the harassment.”  Not completely without reason, the trial court understood the statute to 

call for the issuance of an injunction upon the finding of a single act of past violence.  

This interpretation is, however, too narrow in view of the purpose of a prohibitory 

injunction and the broader context of the statute. 

 A literal interpretation of subdivision (d) is inconsistent with the purpose of 

injunctive relief.  As the Scripps Health court explained, an injunction serves to prevent 

future injury and is not applicable to wrongs that have been completed.  An injunction is 

 

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authorized only when it appears that wrongful acts are likely to recur.  (Scripps Health

supra, 72 Cal.App.4th at pp. 332-333.)  This analysis is consistent with well-settled 

California law.  (Rosicrucian Fellow v. Rosicrucian Etc. Ch. (1952) 39 Cal.2d 121, 144; 

Hannah v. Pogue (1944) 23 Cal.2d 849, 858; Blake v. City of Eureka (1927) 201 Cal. 

643, 661-662; Ball v. Kehl (1891) 87 Cal. 505, 507.) 

 Nor is a literal interpretation of the subdivision consistent with the purpose of the 

statute itself.  In construing a statute we rely on established principles of statutory 

interpretation:  “ ‘ “The fundamental purpose of statutory construction is to ascertain the 

intent of the lawmakers so as to effectuate the purpose of the law.  [Citations.]  In order to 

determine this intent, we begin by examining the language of the statute.  [Citations.]  

But ‘[i]t is a settled principle of statutory interpretation that language of a statute should 

not be given a literal meaning if doing so would result in absurd consequences which the 

Legislature did not intend.’  [Citations.]  Thus, ‘[t]he intent prevails over the letter, and 

the letter will, if possible, be so read so as to conform to the spirit of the act.’  [Citation.]  

Finally, we do not construe statutes in isolation, but rather read every statute ‘with 

reference to the entire scheme of law of which it is part so that the whole may be 

harmonized and retain effectiveness.’ [Citation.]” ’  [Citations.]”  (Scripps Health, supra

72 Cal.App.4th at p. 332.) 

 Section 527.6 is intended “to protect the individual’s right to pursue safety, 

happiness and privacy as guaranteed by the California Constitution.”  (Stats. 1978, ch. 

1307, § 1, p. 4294; see Cal. Const. art. I, § 1.)  The court in Smith v. Silvey (1983) 149 

Cal.App.3d 400, recounted a portion of the legislative history in order to explain the 

statute’s purpose:  “An analysis prepared for the Senate Committee on Judiciary (1977- 

1978 Reg. Sess.—Assem. Bill No. 3093) saw the purpose as follows:  ‘Under existing 

law, a victim of harassment may bring a tort action based either on invasion of privacy or 

on intentional infliction of emotional distress.  Where great or irreparable injury is 

threatened, such victim may obtain an injunction under procedures detailed in C.C.P. Sec. 

527(a).  [¶] This bill would establish an expedited procedure for enjoining acts of 

“harassment” as defined, including the use of temporary restraining orders. . . .  [¶]  The 

 

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purpose of the bill is to provide quick relief to harassed persons.’ ”  (Id. at p. 405.)  It 

follows that if there is no likelihood of future harm, there is no necessity for an expedited 

procedure for relief.  Indeed, under subdivision (d) a court cannot issue an injunction 

unless it finds by clear and convincing evidence that “unlawful harassment exists” (§  

527.6, subd. (d), italics added), not that it existed in the past. 

 Additionally, we borrow from the reasoning of the Scripps Health court to find 

that a literal interpretation of section 527.6, subdivision (d) “would result in the absurd 

consequence of placing a greater burden of proof on a plaintiff to obtain an ex parte TRO 

than a permanent injunction.”  (Scripps Health, supra, 72 Cal.App.4th at p. 334.)  Section 

527.6, subdivision (c) provides that a “plaintiff may obtain a temporary restraining 

order” upon filing an affidavit establishing “reasonable proof of harassment . . . by the 

defendant, and that great or irreparable harm would result to the plaintiff.”  (Italics 

added.)  Under subdivision (d), a permanent injunction shall issue upon a finding by clear 

and convincing evidence that the defendant engaged in unlawful violence.  Applying 

subdivision (d) literally, a plaintiff seeking a temporary restraining order would have to 

show that great or irreparable harm is threatened, while that same plaintiff would have to 

demonstrate only a single past act of unlawful violence to obtain the greater relief of a 

permanent injunction.  Common sense does not support such an interpretation.  (Scripps 

Health, supra, 72 Cal.App.4th at p. 335.) 

 When the court concluded that a single act of unlawful violence required the 

issuance of an injunction, it construed its role too narrowly.  There may well be cases in 

which the circumstances surrounding a single act of violence may support a conclusion 

that future harm is highly probable.  That finding, however, must be made and the court 

failed to do so here. 

 

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DISPOSITION 

 The order granting injunctive relief is reversed.  Douvan shall bear his own costs 

on appeal. 

 

 

       _________________________ 

       Corrigan, Acting P.J. 

 

 

We concur: 

 

 

_________________________ 

Parrilli, J. 

 

 

_________________________ 

Pollak, J. 

 

 

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Trial court: San Francisco County Superior Court 

 

Trial judge: Honorable James McBride 

 

Law Offices of Jon-Marc Dobrin, Hal Chase; Russell & Russell, Lance Arthur Russell 

for Plaintiff and Respondent. 

 

Pierce & Shearer LLP, Andrew F. Pierce, for Defendant and Appellant. 

 

 

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